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Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article needs additional citations for verification. This article needs attention from an expert in Psychology or Sociology. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. Dehumanization or an act thereof can describe a behavior or process that undermines individuality of and in others. A practical definition refers to it as the view and treatment of another person as if they lack mental capacities that we enjoy as human beings. Behaviorally, dehumanization describes a disposition towards others that debases the others’ individuality as either an “individual” species or an “individual” object, e.
It is theorized to take on two forms: animalistic dehumanization, which is employed on a largely intergroup basis, and mechanistic dehumanization, which is employed on a largely interpersonal basis. Dehumanization can be unintentional, especially on the part of individuals, as with some types of de facto racism. Dehumanisation is viewed as a central component to intergroup violence because it is frequently the most important precursor to moral exclusion, the process by which stigmatized groups are placed outside the boundary in which moral values, rules, and considerations of fairness apply. David Livingstone Smith, director and founder of The Human Nature Project at the University of New England, argues that historically, human beings have been dehumanizing one another for thousands of years. His model suggests that different types of dehumanization arise from the denial of one sense of humanness or the other. People that suffer animalistic dehumanization are seen as amoral, unintelligent, and lacking self-control, and they are likened to animals. Targets of mechanistic dehumanization are seen as cold, rigid, interchangeable, lacking agency, and likened to machines or objects.
Several lines of psychological research relate to the concept of dehumanization. Moral exclusion occurs when outgroups are subject to a different set of moral values, rules, and fairness than are used in social relations with ingroup members. When individuals dehumanize others, they no longer experience distress when they treat them poorly. In Psychology higher-order cognitive processes like social cognition may occur between a human and human, or human and non-human, human and object. The assigning that occurs in social cognition suggests a non-human target can have projected internal life, or conscious emotional and cognitive experiences. Mental states projected onto objects and non-human forms of life can occur without intention.
Damasio, Heberlein AS, Adolphs R, Tranel D, Damasio H. Dehumanized perception has been indicated to occur when a subject experiences low frequencies of activation within their social cognition neural network. This includes areas of neural networking such as the superior temporal sulcus and the medial prefrontal cortex. While social distance from the outgroup target is a necessary condition for dehumanization, some research suggests that it is not sufficient. Psychological research has identified high status, power, and social connection as additional factors that influence whether dehumanization will occur.
If being an outgroup member was all that was required to be dehumanized, dehumanization would be far more prevalent. Dehumanization often occurs as a result of conflict in an intergroup context. Ethnic and racial others are often represented as animals in popular culture and scholarship. There is evidence that this representation persists in the American context with African Americans implicitly associated with apes. There is a normative emphasis on female appearance that causes women to take a third-person perspective on their bodies. Sociologists and historians often view dehumanization as essential to war. Governments sometimes represent “enemy” civilians or soldiers as less than human so that voters will be more likely to support a war they may otherwise consider mass murder.
The Holocaust during World War II and the Rwandan Genocide have both been cited as atrocities facilitated by a government sanctioned dehumanization of its citizens. In terms of the Holocaust, government proliferated propaganda created a culture of dehumanization of the Jewish population. Dehumanization can be seen outside of overtly violent conflicts, as in political debates where opponents are presented as collectively stupid or inherently evil. A study investigating racialized law enforcement violence is using virtual simulators to investigate “shoot or don’t shoot” responses. The studies conducted that participants’ responses were affected by racial bias.
